In conversations on social media and in other forums, many people share a general sense that COVID-19 had a significant impact on mental health — that it represents a collective trauma from which we will be healing for years.
Now that researchers have a few years’ worth of data to analyze, they’re beginning to unpack that mental impact more fully from an empirical standpoint.
According to Khalid Afzal, MD, a pediatric psychiatrist at the University of Chicago Medicine, attempted suicide and suicide-related emergency department visits for both children and adults went up significantly within a few months of the pandemic’s onset, as did completed suicide rates. Data from the CDC and researchers across the country also show a jump in rates of disorders like anxiety and depression, and psychiatric treatment centers have reported longer wait times as demand exceeded capacity.
It makes sense that the pandemic’s massive societal disruptions triggered mental distress. Less obvious — but still important — are the direct impacts of biological changes from COVID-19 that affect the brain and behavior.
Although COVID-19 is first and foremost a respiratory virus, it attacks many systems in the body and can cause dangerous inflammation. Health experts quickly realized that adults with particularly serious psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, were uniquely vulnerable to COVID-19 infection — their cases were more likely to be medically severe, and many experienced worsening of their psychiatric disorders. “It wasn’t necessarily an intuitive outcome, but the trend became clear very early on,” said Royce Lee, MD, a psychiatrist and researcher at UChicago Medicine.
People who didn’t have psychiatric diagnoses before contracting COVID-19 weren’t invulnerable to neurological effects, either. Many wound up with “long COVID” symptoms like pain, mental cloudiness, lack of sustained attention, difficulty with memory, depression, anxiety, fatigue and irritability.
“There are causal pathways in both directions between immune activation and brain function, which affect behavior and emotions,” said Lee, whose research often focuses on those pathways. “In particular, there’s a very strong connection between immune activation and regulating anger.” Immune activation can come directly from the virus itself or be triggered indirectly by stress and fear.
Lee pointed out that even people who don’t notice brain fog or have detectable “long COVID” may still experience subtler symptoms like increased irritability, so it’s important to continue the destigmatization of mental health and encourage awareness to help people take back control of their emotions.
“If abrupt shifts in mental health show up, it’s still relevant to ask yourself, ‘When was my last COVID-19 infection? And how does the timing of that align with my change in mental state?’” Lee said.
Elevated rates of suicide and psychiatric disorders make mental health safety an especially high priority in the wake of COVID-19. A group of UChicago researchers recently published a study highlighting safety concerns related to a substance found in countless homes: acetaminophen.
Even before 2020, researchers had noticed an increase in calls to poison control hotlines related to suspected attempted suicide by acetaminophen overdose. Experts also documented higher suicide rates among students during the academic year compared to the summer months. Luo and her collaborators set out to investigate whether COVID-19 exacerbated these trends even further.
They compared acetaminophen-related hospital admissions from the pre-COVID-19 era (January 2016–February 2020) to the COVID-19 era (March 2020-December 2022). They found that intentional acetaminophen ingestion became much more frequent during the COVID-19 era among children ages 8-18, and the rates remained highest during the school year even though many schools were at least partially remote during that time period.
“COVID-19 and Intentional Toxic Pediatric Acetaminophen Ingestions: A Research Brief” was published in Hospital Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, in April 2024. Authors included Wendy Luo, Isabella Zaniletti, Sana J. Said and Jason M. Kane.
