Harmful exposures during pregnancy, including some that occur even before pregnancy is recognized, appear to significantly increase a child’s risk for psychiatric or behavioral problems early in life, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital report, according to a news release.
In their study of 9,290 children from the ages of 9 to 10 living in 21 communities in the United States, the researchers found that children subjected during pregnancy to two or more of six adverse exposures were significantly more likely to have clinically significant scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), indicating a higher level of problems such as depression, attention difficulties or anxiety.
The adverse prenatal exposures are unplanned pregnancy; maternal use of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana before pregnancy was recognized; complications during pregnancy (such as high blood pressure or gestational diabetes); and complications during labor and delivery. Pre-term birth or Caesarean delivery were not associated with increased risk.
“While individually these factors had previously been associated with similar risks in prior, often smaller studies, this is the first time that we were able to gauge the effect of cumulative exposures, which were fairly dramatic,” says lead author Joshua L. Roffman, MD, MMSc, director of the Mass General Early Brain Development Initiative.
For example, while children with none of the exposures during their mother’s pregnancy had only a 7% chance of developing clinically significant psychiatric symptoms, this risk increased steeply and in a linear fashion, such that those with four or more of the exposures had a 29% chance of clinically significant symptoms.
As the researchers report in their study, published in the open-access journal PLOS ONE, they saw similar patterns across a range of specific symptoms, from mood and anxiety to attention and thought disturbances.
The associations between prenatal exposures and psychiatric symptoms in childhood held up even when the researchers accounted for other factors that might skew the results, such as the mother’s socioeconomic status, or exposures after birth that are known to increase a child’s risk for psychiatric disorders, such as a traumatic life event.
To validate their findings, Roffman and colleagues also tested them in a separate group of non-twin siblings who differed in their exposures during pregnancy, and here too the data showed that the sibling with the higher number of exposures was at greater risk for more severe symptoms.
