Researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Birmingham, and the Spaarne Hospital and University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands, conducted a clinical trial involving 227 babies to analyze how antibiotics affect a newborn’s microbiome.
Their research suggests that treating babies with antibiotics in the first week of life is linked with a decrease in a number of healthy bacteria necessary to digest milk and an increase in antimicrobial resistance, according to a news release from the University of Edinburgh.
Experts say that clinicians should consider using antibiotics in a way that causes least harm to the newborn’s microbiome — the community of microbes that live in our body.
Under current guidelines, antibiotics directed at a wide range of bacteria — known as broad-spectrum — are currently prescribed to 4-10% of all newborns for suspected infections.
However, experts say that in most cases the antibiotics are prescribed unnecessarily as only a small proportion of those who receive the drugs are eventually diagnosed with an infection.
This over prescription is to ensure early treatment for those who are ultimately found to have an infection as any delay may quickly become life-threatening.
Clinical trial
In the current study, some 147 infants with suspected sepsis received one of three standard antibiotic treatments. Their outcomes were compared with those of 80 babies with no suspected infections and who were not prescribed an antibiotic.
All babies had a rectal or fecal sample taken before and after treatment, and at one, four, and 12 months of age. The samples were analyzed for the microbes that made up their newly forming microbiome and for bacterial genes related to antimicrobial resistance.
Microbiome changes
For newborns that had been prescribed antibiotics, there was found to be a significant decrease in the levels of different Bifidobacterium species compared with babies who had no antibiotic treatment.
These microbes aid in the digestion of human breast milk and promotes gut health, while also supporting the immune defense against infection.
The team also found an increase in potentially disease-causing bacteria and in the number and abundance of genes related to antimicrobial resistance in the group that received antibiotics.
Shifting balance
A change in 251 of 695 different bacteria investigated was observed after treatment, changing the balance between good and bad bacteria in favor of more potentially harmful microbes.
Though gradually recovering over time, the changes to the microbiome and to antimicrobial resistance genes persisted for at least 12 months and did not improve with breastfeeding, which is known to help a baby’s immune system.
“We were surprised with the magnitude and duration of the effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the infants’ microbiome when compared to effects of those same antibiotics on adults’ microbiota. This is likely because the antibiotic treatment is given at a time that infants have just received their first microbes from their mother and have not yet developed a resilient microbiome,” said Debby Bogaert, PhD, Chair of Pediatric Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and study lead.
Of the three antibiotic treatment regimens tested, the combination of penicillin and gentamicin, was found to have the least detrimental effect on a baby’s gut microbiome and the number of antimicrobial resistance genes that emerge.
The researchers conclude this particular combination of antibiotics should be preferably prescribed when treating suspected infections in newborns.
The findings are published in Nature Communications. This work was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development.
