Many human diseases, such as tobacco and alcohol addictions, are heritable. Until now, little has been known about what genetic factors contribute to these addictions, and if they put people at risk of inheriting other medical conditions. A recent study, published in Nature Genetics, reveals that these addictions may result from a complex blend of genes and environmental influences, and are genetically correlated to other health issues and diseases.
More than 100 international scientists, including researchers from the Department of Public Health Sciences at Penn State College of Medicine, teamed up with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to examine inherited traits linked to tobacco and alcohol addiction.
The data analysis included information from nearly 1.2 million people, along with data from biobanks, epidemiology studies, and direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies, such as 23andMe.
Researchers analyzed an array of phenotypes, or characteristics, related to individuals’ smoking and drinking behaviors, including at what age they started, how many cigarettes they smoke, how often they consume alcohol and whether they have successfully quit smoking. Next, the findings were compared to data on participants’ overall wellness, history of disease and life events.
According to the results, phenotypes associated with smoking are genetically correlated with several diseases. Meanwhile, an increased genetic risk for drinking shows a lower risk for many diseases.
Previous genetic studies identified 10 genes that affect the risk of addiction to tobacco and alcohol. This research expands the list of addiction-related genes by 40 times, highlighting more than 400 locations in the genome and more than 500 variants within these locations that influence smoking or alcohol use. These variants affect several chemical functions related to:
- glutamate transmission, which is linked to communication and tied to memories and learning;
- dopamine, which helps regulate movement and is linked to learned behaviors and the brain’s “reward system”; and
- acetylcholine, which helps activate muscles.
